동해? 한국해? - 영문 싸이트에 나타난 "이해의 충돌"(7.23 수정)

 

한 외국의 지리관련 전문 싸이트에 나타난 동해와 일본해에 관한 견해.

 

일본은 정부의 견해를 분명히 정하고 외무성 공식 홈페이지에까지 올려놓고 있는데,

우리나라는 독도문제도 그렇거니와 "동해"에 관한 공식 견해를 전세계에 내놓을 의지는 있는지

궁금하다.

  --> 이 부분은 수정합니다.(2006. 7. 23 수정)

        해양수산부의 공식 홈페이지에 한글/영문/중국어/일어로 이 견해에 대한 의견제시가 있습니다.

 

        다만 아쉬운 것은,

        google(저는 검색시에 google을 사용합니다) 또는 yahoo 에서는

        "Sea of Korea" 라고 검색을 하면 해양수산부의 싸이트가 뜨지 않는다는 점이 유감입니다.

 

 

 

독도문제에 관해서 그러했듯이 또 "무시(ignore)"일 뿐인가?

국제사회에서 두 나라간의 분쟁거리로 알까봐?

이미 전세계는 '분쟁'이라는 실체는 알고 있는데도

올바르게 역사적 사실을 들어 제대로 알려나갈 의지는 없는 것인가?

  --> 이 부분도 수정합니다.

        정부의 의견제시는 있되

        일본정부의 주장과는 비교가 안되게 '유연'한 입장을 견지하고 있군요.

        우리 정부 주장의 결론을 소개하면 아래와 같습니다.

 

As a result of the Republic of Korea's efforts, major mapmakers, media, and renowned publishers worldwide are now aware of the history regarding the name East Sea and Sea of Japan as well as the relevant international standardization practices and rules. They have begun to identify the sea area in question concurrently as the East Sea / Sea of Japan, or simply as the East Sea , or not identify it at all.

(중략)

 

In accordance with the general practices and principles of international cartography, the Republic of Korea calls upon the international community to use both names, East Sea and Sea of Japan, in any official documents and world atlases, pending an agreement on a common name.

 

* 『한국의 노력으로 주요 지도제작자들, 미디어, 유명 출판사들이 연관된 국제적인 표표준 실례와 규칙은 물론 동해와 일본해의 이름에 관한 역사에 대해 알게 되었고 문제의 해역에 대해 동해/일본해 또는 동해, 도는 아예 표기를 않기 시작했다.

(중략)

 

한국은 공통적인 명칭을 합의하기까지는 국제사회가 동해와 일본해 두 명칭을 공식적인 문서와 지도에 사용하기를 요청한다.』

 

** 일본은, 아래에 나옵니다만, 『(한국과 북한의 주장이 강한 정치적인 배경을 내포하고 있으므로) 확정된 명칭이 몇몇 나라의 정치적인 주장 때문에 변경된다면 후세에도 나쁜 전례를 남기는 것이므로 일본은 이러한 시도에 강하게 반대한다. 일본은 국제사회가 일본의 입장을 이해하고 지지해줄 것을 진정으로 바란다』라고 주장하고 있습니다. 

 

 

        한일 두 나라와 전혀 이해관계가 없는 제3자라면,

        누구의 주장을 선호할 것인가?

        결국은 두 나라간의 국력의 차이로 가고 말 것인지

        이 한 가지 사안만 가지고 보아도,

        우리나라의 노력이 더 필요할 것으로 보입니다.

 

 

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[1]

 

* 출처 : http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/eastsea.htm

 

East Sea or Sea of Japan?

동해인가 일본해인가?

What is the historically correct name for the body of water lying between Korea and Japan? There are many opinions, and in the world of geography and maps there is often more than one answer. In short, it depends on whom you ask.

한국과 일본 사이에 있는 바다의 정확한 명칭은 무엇인가? 거기에는 많은 의견이 있고, 지리와 지도의 세계에서는 종종 한 가지 이상의 답이 존재합니다. 간략히 말해서, 묻는 이가 누구인가에 달려 있습니다.

Before the 18th century, no one name was consistently used, and in fact varied names such as "East Sea," "Sea of Korea," "Sea of Japan" and "Oriental Sea" appeared in and on old maps, publications and atlases. Then for a variety of reasons the "Sea of Japan" became more prominent in the 19th and 20th centuries.

    18세기 전에는, 어느 한 가지 명칭도 꾸준하게 쓰여지지 않았고, 사실 "동해(East Sea, Oriental Sea)", "한국해", "일본해" 같은 여러가지 명칭이 때때로 고지도나 고서적에 나타났습니다.  

 

In the late 1990s the Voluntary Agency Network of Korea (VANK) began an aggressive letter and email writing campaign, all in an effort to get the world, especially map makers, travel guides and geography web sites to include the East Sea, whenever the long-established Sea of Japan was found in print.

Their claim that the East Sea has some historical precedent worked, as some major book and map publishers, educational web sites and other reference materials now include the East Sea name along with the Sea of Japan.

At worldatlas.com we play no favorites, nor do we claim to know all of the answers, so until the two countries can reach a unified decision, we will continue to show both names on our maps. We simply ask both sides for their understanding. For additional information and opinions, we suggest the following two sites:

    Worldatlas.com 에서는 어느 편도 들지 않고, 어느 답변도 주장하지 않고, 두 국가가 통일된 결론에 도달할 때까지 두 가지 명칭을 다 기재할 것입니다. 단지 양측의 이해를 구할 뿐입니다. 더 이상의 정보나 견해에 관해서는, 아래의 두 싸이트를 제시합니다.

 

East Sea

Sea of Japan

 

[2]

 

East Sea

 

 

이 싸이트는 경희대 김신 교수 개인의 영문 사이트이다.

worldatlas.com에서 추천하는 "동해"를 주장하는 싸이트의 대표적인 싸이트가

우리나라 정부기관의 싸이트가 아닌 한 개인의 사이트라는 점이 참으로 유감스럽지만, 이것이 현실이다.

 

이 싸이트에서 주장하는 것을 조금만 들어보기로 하자.

 

 

Characteristics of East Sea

 

 

1.  Historical Creation of the East Sea

 

With the 21st century just ahead, the world closed the age of discord and antagonism and is opening up an age of reconciliation and cooperation.

 

With this, regionalism and pan-internationalism are rising as a new world economic order.  At this point of time, cooperative systems between countries are required.  There is even a presupposition that the northeastern Asian region will be the center of the world civilization and economy in the coming century.

 

 Therefore, the northeastern Asian region's whole economic take-off will begin in the 2000s.  As this region's all production requisites are combined, Russian and Chinese economic growth will continue, and Korean and Japanese economic vitality will be strengthened or regenerated.        

 

 In the northeastern Asian region, the East Sea occupies a special position.  This is because the East Sea links the continent and the ocean and plays the role of a beachhead between Russia and China and between the ocean's east and west.  Accordingly, the East Sea is observed to take charge of a very important strategic role in the northeastern Asian region.       

 

 However, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day, the name of the East Sea has been recorded as the "Sea of Japan" on international world maps, and the indication that this name is wrong was recently brought up in Korea.  Futhermore, because the name of the East Sea has been recorded as the Sea of Korea or Sea of Chosun up until the end of the 19th century and then was changed to the Sea of Japan, there are many indications that the present name is wrong.

* '현재 전세계적으로 "일본해"라는 명칭이 사용되고 있는 것이 잘못되었다는 주장이 최근 한국에서 줄거졌고 19세기말까지는 한국해 또는 조선해라고 사용되다가 일본해라고 바뀌었고 현재의 명칭이 잘못되었다는 증거가 많이 있다' 고 주장. <다만 이것은 우리나라 정부의 공식적인 견해가 아닌 개인의 주장이다.>

 

 First, if the name Sea of Japan continues to exist, the 200 nautical miles Korean water area of the continental shelf internationally recognized by the international law, not to mention the Korean territorial waters, will be called the sea owned by Japan.

 

 Furthermore, characteristically defined, the inshores including all the East Sea water surface and area also become a part of the Sea of Japan.  As for the East Sea which is adjacent to the Pacific Ocean and nearby nations, a problem arises if the name Sea of Japan is continuously used as it is now.

 

 Second, one part of the East Sea symbolizes Korea and another part symbolizes Japan.  However, under the present state of things, this symbol is not internationally recognized for Korea at all.  The "East Sea," which is praised in the Korean national anthem and other Korean songs, is just an eastern sea of Korea which only Koreans regularly use and call; it is nonetheless internationally called as the "Sea of Japan."  In the case of inshore, it is also a problem that the inshore symbolizes one certain nation only.

 

 

 

[3]

 

Sea of Japan

 

 

이 싸이트는 일본의 정부기관인 외무성의 공식 홈페이지이다.

따라서 worldatlas.com에서 추천하는 "일본해"를 주장하는 싸이트는 일본정부의 공식 견해를 주장하는 싸이트인 것이다.

 

이 싸이트에서 주장하는 것을 조금만 들어보기로 하자.

 

Please refer to the Pamphlet "Sea of Japan" for the figures and maps mentioned in this document.

SEA OF JAPAN

The name "Sea of Japan" is geographically and historically established and is currently used all over the world, except for a few used all over the world, except for a few countries claiming that the name should be countries claiming that the name should be changed to the "East Sea".
However, their argument is unfounded and will only cause confusion in the international will only cause confusion in the international geographical order.
This pamphlet provides objective and factual information to help the international community to understand this issue.

 

* 일본정부는 "일본해"라는 명칭은 지리적으로나 역사적으로나 확립된 명칭이고 현재 "동해"라고 바꿔야 된다고 주장하는 몇몇 나라를 제외하고는 전세계적으로 사용되고 있는 명칭임을 주장하고 있다.

Preface

The Sea of Japan (or the Japan Sea ) is a sea area located along the northeastern part of the Asian continent. It is separated from the North Pacific Ocean by the Japanese Archipelago and Sakhalin.

 

Historically, the name "Sea of Japan" was first established in Europe from the late 18th century to the early 19th century, and has been used for more than 200 years. When seas are separated from oceans, they have been frequently named after major archipelagos or peninsulas that separate them. The name "Sea of Japan" focuses on one key geographical feature--the Japanese Archipelago that separates this sea area from the Northern Pacific Ocean. In fact, without the presence of the Japanese Archipelago, this sea area would not exist. Because of this obvious geographical characteristic, the name "Sea of Japan" came to be widely accepted throughout the world. At present, more than 97% of the maps used around the world, except for those in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), use only the name "Sea of Japan". This name has been internationally established.

 

Despite this global recognition, ROK and DPRK suddenly proposed that the name "Sea of Japan" should be changed at the sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names in 1992. They continue to raise this issue at related international conferences of the United Nations and at meetings of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). They argue that the name "Sea of Japan" became widely used from the beginning of the 20th century, as a result of Japan's expansionism and colonialism. For this reason, they maintain that the name should be changed to the "East Sea," as ROK and DPRK domestically use, or at least, that both the "East Sea" and the "Sea of Japan" should be used together. However, the assertion made by ROK and DPRK is unfounded, and there is neither reasoning nor merit behind the call for such a change.

 

This pamphlet presents the results of a Japanese government study on how the name "Sea of Japan" is described in the maps available throughout the world, and presents the historical and geopolitical origins of the name. We sincerely hope that this pamphlet provides people around the world with accurate, objective and factual information on the name "Sea of Japan".

 

* 일본정부는『 "일본해"라는 명칭이 유럽에서 18세기말부터 19세기초까지에 처음 확립되었고 200년 이상 사용되어 왔음을 주장. 한국과 북한을 제외한 전세계의 97%의 지도가 "일본해"라는 명칭만을 사용하고 있고, 이 명칭은 국제적으로 확정된 명침』이며

『이러한 국제적인 인식에도 불구하고 한국과 북한이 갑자기 1992년 제6회 국제지명표준화회의에서 "일본해"라는 명칭이 변경되어야 함을 주장했고, 국제수로기구(IHO)에서 계속적으로 주장을 반복하며 "일본해"라는 명칭이 일본의 팽창주의와 식민주의의 결과로 20세기초부터 널리 쓰이게 되었다고 주장을 하며 "동해"로 바꾸거나 최소한 "동해"와 "일본해"가 함께 쓰여야 한다고 주장하고 있으나, 이러한 주장의 이유도 실익도 없다』 주장함. 

 

How the Sea of Japan is Described in Maps Published Around the World

The Japanese Government conducted a field study on this matter from August to October 2000 (Note 1) in 60 countries in the world, other than ROK, DPRK and Japan (Note 2). We investigated how the Sea of Japan (the sea area enclosed by northeastern Asia, the Japanese Archipelago and Sakhalin) was described in the maps, using mostly maps that were available for purchase by anyone in those countries. We investigated 392 maps, and the results are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1 below. As a result of this study, the following facts became clear.

• More than 97% of the maps we studied used solely the name "Sea of Japan" either in English or its equivalent in the local language.
• All of the 392 maps used the name "Sea of Japan" either in English or its equivalent in the local language.
• There was no map that used only the name "East Sea" by itself either in English or its equivalent in the local language.
• Very few maps used both names, the "Sea of Japan" and the "East Sea," either in English or its equivalents in the local language. Even in the maps, with both names the main description was the "Sea of Japan", and the "East Sea" was used in parenthesis or in the form of an additional description.
• A pamphlet entitled "East Sea in World Maps" (Apr. 2002. published by Society for East Sea in ROK) reported on maps that used only the "East Sea," and on other maps that make the "East Sea" the primary name with the "Sea of Japan" in parenthesis. We did not find such maps in our field study, which mainly investigated maps available for purchase.

Evidently, the "Sea of Japan" is now internationally established as the standard name in the maps used around the world. ROK asserts that the name "East Sea" is beginning to be used on the same level as the "Sea of Japan," but our survey makes it clear that this assertion is entirely contrary to the facts.

 

 * 일본정부는 『분명히 "일본해"가 전세계적으로 표준화된 지도상의 이름이며 한국이 주장하는 "동해"가 같은 수준으로 사용되기 시작했다는 것은 자신들의 연구결과 사실과 전혀 상반된다는 것 분명히 하고 있다』고 주장하고 있다.

Table 1

Total number of the countries and maps studied	60 countries 392 maps
Maps that describe the sea area as the "Sea of Japan" or the "Japan Sea" in English, or as the "Sea of Japan" in the local language.	381maps (97.2%)
Map that describes it as the "Sea of Japan" first, followed by the "East Sea" in the local language.	1 map (0.3%)
Maps that describe it as the "Sea of Japan" in English or in the local language, followed by the "East Sea" in English or in the local language in parenthesis.	4 maps (1.0%)
Maps that describe it as the "Sea of Japan" in English or in the local language, and add in parenthesis "Nippon-kai" (Japanese), "Tong-hae" (Korean), or "Japonskoje More" (Russian), etc.	6 maps (1.5%)
Map that describes it only as the "East Sea" either in English or in the local language.	0 maps (0.0%)

(Note 1) A supplementary study was conducted for 10 of these countries in July 2002.

(Note 2) Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, China, Pakistan, Brunei, Malaysia, United States, Canada, Argentine, Venezuela, Ecuador, Cuba, Guatemala, Colombia, Chile, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Ireland, Italy, Austria, the Netherlands, Greece, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Hungary, Finland, France, Bulgaria, Belgium, Poland, Portugal, Yugoslavia, Romania, United Kingdom, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Israel, Iran, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Bahrain, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Morocco.

 

 * 일본정부는 『60개국의 392개 고지도를 다 연구하고서 97.2%인 381개 지도가 일본해라고 기록하고 있다』고 주장하고 있다.

How the Name "Sea of Japan" Became Established

The Korean study bases its advocacy for adopting the "East Sea" on the use of the names the "Sea of Korea" and the "Oriental Sea" in many maps produced in Europe up to the 18th century. The study then concludes that the "Sea of Japan" is not a historically established name, and that the "East Sea," which is taken to be synonymous with the "Oriental Sea," is the "correct name." However, the Korean study does not refer to the fact that the name "Sea of Japan" appears with overwhelming frequency in the maps produced in Europe during the first half of the 19th century. The study contends that the establishment of the name "Sea of Japan" is merely an outcome of Japan' s expansionism in the first half of the 20th century. Moreover, the Korean study all but equates the term "Oriental Sea," which signifies a sea located in the Orient as seen from Europe, with the name "East Sea" which signifies the sea located eastward as seen from Korea. This seems to be an inaccurate interpretation.

A very detailed examination of the name "Sea of Japan" was conducted in a paper titled "Changing the Name of the Japan Sea," co-authored by Takehide Hishiyama and Masatoshi Nagaoka, published by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan in 1994. This paper studied more than 200 maps drawn mainly in Europe from the 16th to 20th centuries, and studied in depth how the name "Sea of Japan" became established. There have been other notable papers that further clarify this issue, such as: "The Formation and Development of the Naming of Nihon-kai (the Japan Sea): an Approach from the Map History" (1993), "A Study on Formation of Geographical Knowledge of the Sea of Japan and Its Surrounding Areas and on the Name of the Sea of Japan" (1997) by Hiroo Aoyama, "The Term 'Japan Sea': Its Reasonable Naming and the Era of Its Frequent Usage and Firm Establishment in Maps" (2001) by Hideo Kawai, and "Process of the Denomination, Acceptance, and Fixation of the Sea Name 'Japan Sea or Sea of Japan (Nihonkai)' in the World and in Japan" (2002) by Masataka Yaji.

These five papers recognize and agree on the following four points. (See Fig. 2 and Table 2.)

• The first time the name "Sea of Japan" was used was in the map "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" drawn up by an Italian missionary priest Matteo Ricci at the beginning of the 17th century.
• From the 17th to 18th centuries, partly because the shapes of northeastern part of the Asian continent and the Japanese Archipelago were not fully understood, various names were used for this sea area, including "Sea of China", "Oriental Sea" or "Oriental Ocean," "Sea of Korea," and "Sea of Japan."
• From the late 18th century to the early 19th century, a number of explorers investigated the area, including the French explorer Jean La Pérouse, English explorer William R. Broughton, Russian explorer Adam J. von Krusenstern. They explored the areas surrounding the Sea of Japan, clarifying the shape of the Sea of Japan and the topographical features of the coastal areas. After this period, maps drawn in Europe began using the name "Sea of Japan" or the "Japan Sea" and the name became established and internationally accepted.
• During that time, Japan' s Tokugawa Shogunate government pursued a policy of isolationism, and contact with foreigners was banned. The government ended its policy of isolationism as late as 1854, thus Japan played no direct role in promoting the use and acceptance of the name "Sea of Japan" in European maps from the late 18th century to the early 19th century. Also, according to the studies by Aoyama, Hishiyama, Nagaoka and Yaji, Japan had no custom of naming a broad sea area from ancient times, and in fact began using the name "Sea of Japan" for the most part following on usage by the Europeans.

In this light, use of the name "Sea of Japan" became established in Europe from the late 18th century through the early 19th century, and has continued to be used for 200 years since then. Therefore, the Korean assertion that Japan sought to establish the name "Sea of Japan" in the beginning of the 20th century with a view to reinforcing its colonialist and militarist policies is simply not correct.

Methods Used for Designating Geographical Names

It is likely that the name "Sea of Japan" came to be generally accepted because of one geographical factor :
this sea area is separated from the Northern Pacific by the Japanese Archipelago.

As described above, western explorers explored this sea area from the late 18th century to the early 19th century and clarified the topographical features of the Sea of Japan. one of them, Adam J. Krusenstern, wrote in his diary of the voyage, "People also call this sea area the Sea of Korea, but because only a small part of this sea touches the Korean coast, it is better to name it the Sea of Japan."

In fact, this sea area is surrounded by the Japanese Archipelago in the eastern and the southern parts, and by the Asian Continent in its northern and western parts. ROK and DPRK have coastal boundaries in the sea' s southwestern part, but their coasts face only about one fifth of the total length of the coast of the Sea of Japan.

Hideo Kawai, the aforementioned Japanese researcher, examined the geographical validity of the name "Japan Sea" in a paper presented to the Oceanographic Society of Japan in 2001. Kawai pointed out that the most frequently used method of naming sea areas separated from an ocean is to use the name of a major archipelagic arc or a peninsula that separates the sea area in question from the ocean. The examples he cited include the "Sea of Japan," the "Andaman Sea" (separated from the Indian Ocean by the Andaman Islands), the "Gulf of California" (separated from the southeastern part of the Northern Pacific Ocean by the California Peninsula), the "Irish Sea" (separated from the northeastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean by Ireland) and so on. (See Fig. 3.)

According to Kawai, the "East Sea" name advocated by ROK is based upon another method of naming, a method that names a sea area based upon a direction from a specific country or region toward that sea area. Examples include the "North Sea" and the "East China Sea." However, according to Kawai, a comparison of the naming methods used for the "East Sea" and for the "Sea of Japan" shows that while the "East Sea" is a subjective name as viewed from the geographical locations of ROK and DPRK, the "Sea of Japan" is a name that focuses on the geographical feature --the Japanese Archipelago--that is indispensable for the existence of this sea area. Herein lies the objective validity of the use of the name "Sea of Japan."

One of the reasons why Koreans might oppose the name "Sea of Japan" could be that they think that this name implies "Japanese ownership" of this sea area. However, the name "Sea of Japan" is based upon the geographical features of this sea area and its established use in Europe from the late 18th century to the early 19th century. As such, the name itself does not imply any political intent.

Summary

The following three points summarize the studies on the name "Sea of Japan" presented in this pamphlet:

• A recent Japanese study of 392 maps in 60 countries revealed that only 11 maps (2.8%) did not describe the sea area using solely the name "Sea of Japan." on those 11 maps, both the name "Sea of Japan" and the name "East Sea" were shown. There was no map that described the sea using solely the name "East Sea."
• Historically, the name "Sea of Japan" became widely accepted and established in Europe from the late 18th century to the early 19th century. It did not come about, as asserted by ROK, as a result of Japan' s colonialistic and imperialistic intent in the first half of the 20th century.
• In view of the methodology for geographical naming, the name "Sea of Japan" was objectively determined by its geographical characteristics--the sea area is separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Japanese Archipelago. By contrast, the "East Sea" is a subjective name proposed from a perspective centering on ROK and DPRK.

The adoption of the name "East Sea" was first proposed by ROK and DPRK at the sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names in 1992. Today, only ROK and DPRK advocate the adoption of this name. Considering the fact that only one name, the "Sea of Japan," is broadly accepted and internationally established and that there is virtually no historical or geographical basis for the use of the name "East Sea," one may infer that the assertions of ROK and DPRK are backed by strong political intentions.

 

If a firmly established sea name were to be changed for the political intentions of only a few countries without a valid reason, such an action would not only bring about confusion in the world' s geographical order, but also would leave a bad precedent for generations to come. Japan strongly opposes such an attempt. We sincerely hope that the international community will understand and support Japan' s position.

 

* 『(한국과 북한의 주장이 강한 정치적인 배경을 내포하고 있으므로) 확정된 명칭이 몇몇 나라의 정치적인 주장 때문에 변경된다면 후세에도 나쁜 전례를 남기는 것이므로 일본은 이러한 시도에 강하게 반대한다. 일본은 국제사회가 일본의 입장을 이해하고 지지해줄 것을 진정으로 바란다』라고 주장.

History of the SEA OF JAPAN

Map 1
1602
"Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" drawn by Matteo Ricci, Beijing. This is the oldest known map that describes the sea as the "Sea of Japan." The name is written in Chinese characters.

 

* 마테오 리치가 베이징에서 제작한 곤여만국전도가 "일본해"라고 기록한 가장 오래된 지도이며

  그 이름이 한자로 기록되어 있다고 주장하고 있다.

 

Map 2
1646 OCEANO BORIALE DEL GAPPONE
"ASIA CARTA DI CIASETE PIU MODERNA" drawn by R. Dudley, Florence. The western side of the sea is described as "Mare di Corai" (Sea of Korea) and the central portion of the sea area is described as " Oceano Boriale del Gappone" (North Sea of Japan).

 

Map 3
1704 MER DU JAPON
"L' Asie," drawn by Priviledge du Roy and J.B. Nolin, Paris. The central part of the sea is described as "Mer du Japon" (Sea of Japan). The area extending from what are today the "East China Sea" to the "South China Sea" is called "Mer de La Chine" (Sea of China), while the Pacific Ocean is described as "Océan Oriental."

 

Map 4
1720 MER ORIENTALE OU DU JAPON
"Mappe-Monde," drawn by Hubert Iaillot, published by P. Mortier, Amsterdam. French-language edition. The present sea area of the Sea of Japan" is described as "Mer Orientale ou Du Japon," while the Pacific Ocean is described as "Océan Oriental."

 

Map 5
1749 MER DE CORÉE
"Le Japon," drawn by Gilles Robert de Vaugondy, Paris. The sea area along the Korean Peninsula is described as the "Mer de Corée" (Sea of Korea), while the Pacific Ocean is described as "Océan Oriental."

 

Map 6
1798 SEA OF JAPAN
"La Pérouse: Chart of discoveries made in 1787 in the Seas of China and Tartary," London. English edition of the map attached to "Voyage de la Pérouse autour du monde." The northern part of the Sea of Japan is described in detail, and its central area is described as "Sea of Japan."

 

Map 7
1803 MER DU JAPON
"Carte de l'Empire de la Chine," drawn by Edme Mentelle, and Pierre-Grégoire Chanlaire, Paris. The Sea of Japan is described as the "Mer du Japon" (Sea of Japan). The Pacific Ocean is described as "Océan Oriental ou Mer Pacifique."

 

Map 8
1815 SEA OF JAPAN
"Corea and Japan," published by J. Thompson, Edinburgh. Page from the "New General Atlas." The Sea of Japan is described as "Sea of Japan." The sea near the southern part of the Korean Peninsula is described as "Eastern Sea."

 

Map 9
1817 SEA OF JAPAN
"Tartary," drawn by J. Thompson, Edinburgh. Page from the "New General Atlas." The Sea of Japan is described as "Sea of Japan."

 

Map 10
1835 SEA OF JAPAN
"Empire of Japan," drawn by J. & C. Walker, published by Baldwin & Gadock, London. Makes use of materials from Adam G. Krusenstern.

 

Map 11
1851 SEA OF JAPAN
"Japan and Corea," drawn by J. Rapkin, published by John Tallis, London.

 

Map 12
1864 SEA OF JAPAN
"Japan, Mandshuria, The Kurile Isles, etc.," drawn by John Bartholomew, Edinburgh.

 

Map 13
1865 MER DU JAPON
"Carte général de l'Empire Chinois et du Japon," drawn by Adrien-Hubert Brué, Paris. The central part of the sea area is described as the "Mer du Japon"(Sea of Japan).

 

Map 1		In the Collection of the Miyagi Prefectural Library.
Map 2		"Maps of Japan Drawn by Westerners (Seiyojin no EgaitaNihon Chizu)," OAG (German East-Asiatic Society)
Maps 3 and 4		In the Collection of the Kobe City Museum.
Maps 5 through 13		In the Collection of the Osaka University Library.